An Automatic Solar tracking system by using Micro-controller

Project Statement This project is aimed to developed and builds a chronological Tracking system by using  Photovoltaic (PV) module, 8-bit Atmel89S52 Microcontroller, DC gear Motor, L293D Motor drive IC, a Light-dependent resistor (LDR), Analog to Digital converter (ADC) and its Electrical power supply. Electric Components Used to accomplish Project Let’s see the useful components for this project, Photovoltaic (PV) Module Atmel89S52 8-bit Micro-controller DC Gear motor L293D Motor driver IC Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) Power supply and other components. A brief description of the electrical and electronic circuit components used in this project. 1. Photovoltaic (PV) Module Photovoltaic is the conversion of energy from the sun (light) into electricity. The Photovoltaic module called as Solar panel. or PV module. It consists of the number of solar cells which are made of semiconductor materials such as Silicon. These are electrically connected and mounted in the frame is known as Photovoltaic Module. In solar (PV) cell, when light energy strikes on the module, photons from sunlight knock on the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current. PV modules installation is in ground-mounted,  rooftop-mounted or wall-mounted. The mount may be fixed or rotating type to follow the sun across the sky. It is used for grid-connected power generation. We can use an on-grid or off-grid system for the project. If you want to learn more details, you can read the difference between an on-grid and off-grid solar system. Solar tracker methods have three types as below, An Active tracker, Passive tracker and Chronological tracker. The solar tracker may be a single axis or dual-axis. The chronological tracker is a time-based tracking system where it moves at a fixed rate throughout the day (east to west & west to east). This method is a very accurate method. Advantages: Its operation generates no pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions. 2. ATmel89S52 Microcontroller ATmel89S52 8 bit microcontroller is used in this project. It has a total of 40 pins. Out of  40 pins having 4 different ports P0, P1, P2, and P3. And each port has 8 I/O lines, timer/counters, interrupt, oscillator, ground, power supply. The 5V electrical power supply provides to the microcontroller for the operation. It is used to perform  I/O  operations and the execution of the program according to the input signal. 3. DC Gear Motor DC motors are operated in the steady-state in a speed range. Generally, it has too high-speed So, they need to feedback sensor to allow control of the speed by using DC  Gear Motor. Advantages: Torque and their speed of DC Gear motor are easily control. 4. L293D Motor driver IC L293D  is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC. It is a total 16-pin IC that can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. The main function of the Motor drive amplifier signal & provide a high current signal. Out of the 16 pins, two motors are connected to the 4 pins. Pin 2 & 7 on the left and pin 15 & 10 on the right as shown in the below diagram. 5. Photoresistor Photoresistor is known as a ‘Light Dependent Resistor‘ (LDR) or ‘Photoconductive cell‘. LDR is made of a high resistance semiconductor like Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) or Gallium arsenide (GaAs). It is a light-controlled variable resistor. It has provided an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC converts for the digital signal to the microcontroller. 6. Power Supply Electrical devices which convert electrical power supplies to the electrical load. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for the electrical load. Ex. 230v Ac supply converted into regulated 5v dc supply to the load. Transformer Transformer (especially step down transformer) work with high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. This low voltage AC output supply connected to the rectifier. I explained the transformer and its construction in the next tutorial. Note: As per your project requirement, you can use different types of electrical transformers. And you can buy the transformer for the project. Bridge Rectifier Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts ac to dc voltage using both half-cycles (positive and negative). The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle, diodes D1, D3 conduct, and diodes D2, D4  in the OFF state condition. For the negative half cycle, diodes D2, D4 conduct, and D1, D3 are OFF condition. The conducting